印尼首都雅加达城市介绍
印尼首都雅加达（Jakarta）位于爪哇岛西北部，是全国政治、经济、文化中心，人口900万，是东南亚最大的城市。雅加达又称“椰城”，在公元5世纪时这里只是一个小渔村，如今的雅加达已是一个国际化的大都市。
雅加达市区分老城区和新城区两部分。北部的老区临近海湾，风光独特，古迹众多，多数建筑物都有典型的欧洲古典风格，如总统府（原荷兰总督府）；此外还有早年华人聚居地——草埔等。南部的新区则充满现代感，是雅加达的政治金融中心。雅加达繁荣的代表是位于商业中心的黄金三角地带（Golden Triangle），此区段聚集了办公大厦、豪华饭店及外国使馆，穿着入时的男女与繁忙的交通，使人有一种人在纽约的感觉。
雅加达是印尼三大旅游城市之一，市内绿树成荫，街道两旁遍植常绿树种，世界著名的波格尔植物园及茶园坐落在此，还有独立广场公园、印度尼西亚缩影公园、安佐尔梦幻公园、千岛群岛、中央博物馆、伊斯蒂赫拉尔清真寺等名胜古迹。科塔（Kota）是17世纪荷兰古城镇八达维亚（Batavia）的中心，其四周是由鹅卵石铺成的塔门法塔西拉广场（Taman Fatahillah Square）。从科塔这座精致古老的荷兰建筑往北走，就会来到古老的帆船码头(Sunda Kelapa),在这里会令人回忆起当年世界各国各种帆船群聚的时代。
雅加达最早为一港埠，称作他加拉巴，意为椰子，华侨称其为椰城。该港埠于14世纪归属巴查查拉王朝。1522年，万丹王国征服该地，并建城。1527年6月22日，改名为查雅加尔达，意为凯旋城，简称为雅加达。1596年，荷兰侵占了印度尼西亚，1621年把雅加达该为荷兰名字巴达维亚。
1942年8月8日，日军侵占印尼后恢复了雅加达的名称。1945年8月17日，印度尼西亚共和国正式成立，首都定在雅加达。1950年1月20日印尼成立联邦政府后，把雅加达该为巴达维亚，1950年3月31日改名为大雅加达市，1961年该为大雅加达特区至今。
雅加达建城日为6月22日，每年这一天都要举行大型纪念活动。雅加达城徽为五角盾牌，盾牌里有一个蓝色大门，中间立着白色民族纪念碑，碑的左侧是金黄色麦穗，右侧为绿叶白桃的棉花树，下方两条白色的海浪，象征着港城和岛国，上方有粉色的伟大字样，代表着伟大首都的战斗精神。
印尼是多民族国家，有100多个部族，雅加达居民以巽他族和爪哇族为主。当地居民除使用印尼语外，还说雅加达方言和爪哇语。
中国和印度尼西亚于1950年4月13日建立外交关系，1967年10月30日中断，1990年8月18日外交关系恢复。
雅加达国民收入构成为：农业占1.3% ,工业占15.96% ，建筑占3.29% ,运输、通讯占9.38%,商业占50.67% ,银行业占6.68% ,政府收费占6.81% ,房租占2.27% ,水电气占1.62% ,酬金占2.02% 。年经济增长率为7% -9% 。
雅加达有跨地区的大型企业27家，主要生产钢材、建材、纸张、化工产品、纺织品等。雅加达市民日常生活消费品主要靠手工业和小型加工厂生产。全市有成衣加工厂1750个，木材加工厂1024个，亚麻制品厂2800个，皮革加工厂281个。
雅加达农作物主要是稻米和蔬菜，稻田面积1.6万公顷，产量近6万吨；蔬菜面积1万余公顷，产量7.3万吨。
雅加达主要出口成衣、橡胶、玻璃制品、藤条、三合板、椰油、大虾、青蛙腿、茶叶、观赏鱼、咖啡、水果、水泥等，全年出口创外汇2.4亿美元。
雅加达是商业城市，全市有大型副食商场4个，市级市场18个，超级市场21个，自由市场45个，乡级市场27个。全市有各种合作社956个，成员22万人，款额9.6万亿盾，储备金额2.1万亿盾。
雅加达十分重视旅游业，近几年大兴土木，建造旅馆，改造旅游设施，同时提高服务水平，增设新的活动项目，以吸引更多的游客。年接待外国游客80万。
近几年，雅加达交通事业发展较快，交通网已遍及城乡。雅加达是海港城市，最大的港口是丹戎不碌人工港，沿海码头长8340米，其中集装箱码头长400米，输油码头长100米。港口水深5-11米。年吞吐量680万吨。
印尼在爪哇和苏门答腊有铁路，全长8000公里。雅加达为一终点站，年客运量3000万人次。
印尼鹰记航空有限公司总部设在雅加达，有各种飞机150架，年客运量900万人次，货运量4万吨。
雅加达有三个大型机场：苏加诺—哈达国际机场，为印尼最大的机场。哈林机场，位于雅加达市东南方，供国际航班飞机和国内日惹方向的班级起降。克玛腰兰机场，位于雅加达市东北方，主要供中小型飞机起降。
雅加达有自动拨号电话47.7万部，可接通145个国家和地区，与国外49个城市直接通话。雅加达的饮用水源主要是地下水，市内建有大型蓄水罐，每年出售饮用水9284万立方米，收费95亿盾。
为缓解日益增长的人口压力，印尼于1976年开始发展雅加达—茂物—唐克朗—伯卡西地区，作为雅加达的卫星城，以疏散雅加达的人口。
雅加达有高等学校41所（其中私立31所），中等专业学校68所（其中私立52所），中学1205所，小学3105所。著名大学有印尼大学，建于1950年，是全国性综合大学；互助合作大学，建于1983年，下设6个系和3个学院；开放大学，建于1984年,类似函授大学，有学员7万人。此外还有海运学院、航空学院和医学院等。
雅加达市有10个大型博物馆，如中央博物馆，军事博物馆、纺织博物馆、绘画博物馆、木偶博物馆、名人博物馆等。全市有156个电影院。
印尼广播电台和电视台均设在雅加达，前者建于1949年9月11日，使用英、荷、法、阿拉伯、印地、华语等语言对外广播，后者建于1962年。
印尼三大通讯社社址均设在雅加达。安塔拉国家通讯社协会，为官方通讯社，建于1937年12月13日，原名通讯社，在国内各地设有分社；印尼民族通讯社，为私人通讯社，建于1967年，原名印尼全国合作通讯社；武装部队新闻社，由印尼国防安全部主办。
雅加达出版发行许多全国性报刊，此外，雅加达还出版许多关于语言、文学、历史、科技等方面的刊物。
雅加达市现有各类医院45所，全市有医生2677人。雅加达有8个大型体育群体—瑟纳扬体育场，雅加达地方政府体育场、贾亚拉亚?拉贡南体育场、大学生体育场、拉瓦芒翁体育场、拉瓦萨里体育场、繁荣体育场、巨舟水上体育中心。此外，雅加达还有专项体育馆7个，游泳池5个，赛马场1个，中年人运动场5个，青少年运动场2个，体育科研中心1个，运动员治疗康复中心1个。雅加达较普及的体育项目是足球、羽毛球和网球，它们都有各自的协会。
印尼伊斯兰教徒占全国人口的88% ，其余信奉基督教新教、天主教、佛教及印度教。雅加达居民主要信奉伊斯兰教，基督教徒多为上层人士，佛教徒多为华人。
雅加达市有大小公园355个，占地9521公顷。印尼缩影公园，园内建筑体现了印尼各地及部族的特点，是全国各地文化、艺术精华的集合点，国内外游客都喜欢到这里来参观；伊斯迈尔?马尔朱给公园，为雅加达艺术中心，是展示国内外艺术的场所，其丰富多采的娱乐项目和激动人心的海上运动每年吸引了上千万游人；雅加达动物园，动物种类齐全，园内设有动物研究所。
雅加达保留了许多具有历史意义的建筑，如总统居住、办公的国家独立宫，独立宣言起草地—独立宣言宫，以及青年誓词楼、民族觉醒楼、前国会大楼、民族纪念碑、独立碑、英雄墓地、梭罗王族墓等。
Indonesia capital the Jakarta city introduced Indonesia capital Jakarta (Jakarta) is located northeast the Island of Java, is national politics, the economy, the cultural center, the population 9,000,000, is the Southeast Asia biggest city.Jakarta called “Jakarta”, when A.D. 5 centuries here only is a small fishing village, the present Jakarta already is an internationalization metropolis. Jakarta differentiates the old city and the new city two parts.The north old liberated area approaching bay, the scenery is unique, the historical site is multitudinous, the most buildings all have the model European classical style, like presidential palace (original Dutch residency general); In addition also had long ago the Chinese people to live together - - grass Guangdong and so on.The south newly developed area fills the modern feeling, is Jakarta's politics financial center.Jakarta prospers representative is located the business center the gold triangle region (Golden Triangle), this sector gathered the office building, the luxurious hotel and the foreign embassy, is putting on the stylish men and women and the busy transportation, enable the human to have one kind of person in New York's feeling. Jakarta is Indonesian one of three big traveling cities, local the greenery create shades, both sides the street plants the evergreen tree to plant, the world famous wave Ghale botanical garden and the tea garden are situated in this, but also has the independent square park, the Indonesian miniature park, the peaceful Zoll illusion park, the Kurile Islands, the central museum, Iraqi Si Dihe scenic spot and historic resort and so on Rall mosque.Cota (Kota) is 17th century Holland ancient cities eight Davee the Asian (Batavia) center, it all around is west the pyller law tower which becomes by the cobblestone shop pulls the square (Taman Fatahillah Square).Constructs from cota this fine ancient Holland toward the north walks, can arrive the ancient sailing ship wharf (Sunda Kelapa), could make one in here recollect the same year various countries each kind of sailing ship cybotaxis time. Jakarta is most early a harbor terminal, is called as him to add Raba, Italy is the coconut tree, the overseas Chinese called it is the Jakarta.This harbor terminal in investigate looks up in 14 century ownerships pulls the dynasty.In 1522, ten thousand Dan kingdoms conquered this place, and constructed the city.On June 22, 1527, changed name for looks up elegant Jar to reach, Italy for triumphal returned the city, Jian Chengwei Jakarta.In 1596, Holland has invaded Indonesia, in 1621 a Jakarta should for Dutch name Batavia. On August 8, 1942, after the Japanese forces invaded Indonesia to restore Jakarta's name.On August 17, 1945, the Republic of Indonesia had been established officially, the capital decides in Jakarta.After on January 20, 1950 Indonesian Establishment Federal state, Jakarta should be Batavia, on March 31, 1950 changed name as Jakarta, in 1961 should for the Jakarta special zone until now. Jakarta constructs the city date for June 22, this day all must hold the large-scale commemorative activity every year.The Jakarta city emblem is five jiao shields, in the shield has a blue color front door, middle is setting up the white nationality monument, tablet left side is the golden yellow wheat ear, right flank for the green leaf Bai Tao cotton tree, underneath two white ocean waves, is symbolizing the port city and the island country, place above has the pink color great inscription, is representing the great capital fight spirit. Indonesia is the multinational country, some more than 100 clans and tribes, Jakarta inhabitant by Xun trigram he race and Javan race primarily.The local resident besides uses the Indonesian language, added the Jakarta dialect and the Javan language. Chinese and Indian Nixi was inferior on April 13, 1950 to establish the foreign relations, on October 30, 1967 interrupted, on August 18, 1990 foreign relations restoration. The Jakarta national income constitution is: The agriculture accounts for 1.3%, the industry accounts for 15.96%, the construction accounts for 3.29%, the transportation, the communication accounts for 9.38%, the trade accounts for 50.67%, the banking industry accounts for 6.68%, the government charge accounts for 6.81%, the house rent accounts for 2.27%, the water electricity accounts for 1.62%, the remuneration for services rendered accounts for 2.02%.The year economic growth rate is 7% -9%. Jakarta has trans-region's major industry 27, mainly produces the steel products, the building materials, the paper, the chemical product, the textile and so on.The Jakarta resident daily life consumable mainly depends on the handicraft industry and the small processing factory production.The whole city has ready-made clothing processing factory 1750, lumber processing mill 1024, flax production factory 2800, leather processing factory 281. If Jakarta farm crops owner paddy rice and vegetables, rice paddy area 16,000 hectares, output near 60,000 tons; Vegetables area 10,000 hectares, output 73,000 tons. Jakarta mainly exports the ready-made clothing, the rubber, the glass product, the rattan, the glued wood, the coconut oil, the prawn, the frog leg, the tea, the ornamental fish, the coffee, the fruit, the cement and so on, whole year exports creates foreign exchange 240,000,000 US dollars. Jakarta is the commercial city, the whole city has large-scale nonstaple food market 4, city level market 18, supermarket 21, open market 45, township level market 27.The whole city has each kind of cooperative society 956, the member 220,000 people, the money sum 9,600,000,000,000 shields, the reserve amount 2,100,000,000,000 shields. Jakarta takes the tourism extremely, in recent years builds on a large scale, constructs the hotel, the transformation tourist facility, simultaneously raises the service level, additionally builds the new active project, attracts more tourists.The year receives the foreign tourist 800,000. In recent years, the Jakarta transportation enterprise develops quickly, the communications network has spread the city and countryside.Jakarta is the harbor city, the biggest harbor is Dan the Rung not mediocre artificial port, the coastal code head length 8340 meters, in which container code head length 400 meters, the oil transfer wharf length 100 meters.Harbor water depth 5-11 meter.Year volume of goods handled 6,800,000 tons. Indonesia has the railroad in Java and Sumatra, the span 8000 kilometers.Jakarta is a terminal, the year passenger transport rate 30,000,000 people. The Indonesian hawk records the aviation limited company headquarters to be located in Jakarta, has each kind of airplane 150, the year passenger transport rate 9,000,000 people, the transported goods volume 40,000 tons. Jakarta has three large-scale airports: Su the Ganoe - hada international airport, is the Indonesian biggest airport.The Harling airport, is located southeast Jakarta, annoys the direction for the international flight airplane and the domestic date the class and grade take off and landing.Gram Masurium Yaolan the airport, is located northeast Jakarta, mainly supplies the middle and small scale airplane take off and landing. Jakarta has automatic digit dialing telephone 477,000, may put through 145 countries and the area, with overseas 49 city direct telephone conversation.Jakarta drinks the water source mainly is the ground water, local constructs large-scale gathers the watering can, sells the tap water 92,840,000 cubic meters every year, collects fees 9,500,000,000 shields. In order to alleviate the population pressure which grows day by day, Indonesia started in 1976 to develop Jakarta - bugor - Tang Koruna - the primary Cassie area, took Jakarta's satellite town, dispersed Jakarta's population. Jakarta has college 41 (privately established 31), secondary technical or specialized school 68 (privately established 52), middle school 1205, elementary school 3105.The famous university has Indonesian University, constructed in 1950, was the nationwide comprehensive university; The cooperation cooperation university, constructed in 1983, got down supposes 6 departments and 3 institutes; The open university, constructed in 1984, the similar correspondence university, had the student 70,000 people.In addition also has the marine transportation institute, the aeronautical institute and the medical school and so on. Jakarta has 10 large-scale museums, like central museum, military museum, textile museum, drawing museum, puppet museum, celebrity museum and so on.The whole city has 156 movie theaters. Indonesia Broadcasting station and the television station are located in Jakarta, the former constructed at September 11, 1949, used language foreign broadcasts and so on the England, Holland, law, Arab, India, Chinese, the latter constructed in 1962. The Indonesian three big news agency addresses are located in Jakarta.Peaceful Tala Country News agency Association, is the official news agency, constructed in December 13, 1937, the old name news agency, was equipped with the branch in the domestic each place; Indonesian Nationality News agency, is the personal news agency, constructed in 1967, old name Indonesia Nation Cooperation News agency; The armed force news service, sponsors by Indonesian National defense Safety department. Jakarta publishes many nationwide publication, in addition, Jakarta also publishes many about aspect and so on language, literature, history, science and technology publications. Jakarta existing each kind of hospital 45, the whole city has doctor 2677 people.Jakarta has 8 large-scale sports community - Chinese zither to accept raises the stadium, the Jakarta Local authority stadium, Jia Yala the Asia? Pulls south the tribute the stadium, the university student stadium, pulls the tile awn old man stadium, pulls in Vassar the stadium, prospers the stadium, the great boat aquatic sport center.In addition, Jakarta also has special stadium 7, swimming pool 5, racetrack 1, middle-aged person athletic field 5, young people athletic field 2, sports scientific research center 1, the athlete treats recover center 1.The Jakarta popular sports project is the soccer, the badminton and the tennis, they all have respective association. The Indonesian Islam believer accounts for the national population 88%, other believe in the Christianity protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism and Hinduism.The Jakarta inhabitants mainly believe in Islamism many, the Christian are the upper society people, the Buddhist many are the Chinese people. Jakarta has size park 355, the occupying a land area of 9521 hectares.The Indonesian miniature park, in the garden constructed has manifested Indonesian each place and clan's and tribe's characteristic, was each place culture, the artistic essence assembly point, the domestic and foreign tourists all liked here visiting; Iraqi Si Meyer? Horse Erzhu gives the park, for the Jakarta art center, is demonstrated domestic and foreign artistic the place, its varied and colorful entertainment project and the exciting movement overseas have attracted more than ten million tourists every year; The Jakarta zoo, the animal type is complete, in the garden is equipped with the Research Institute of Zoology. Jakarta retained many had the historical significance construction, like president lived, the work national independence palace, the Declaration of Independence drafted - the Declaration of Independence palace, as well as the youth oath building, the nationality awakened the building, the former Congress building, the national monument, set up a stone monument alone, the heroic tomb, the Surakarta royal family grave and so on.
Wikipedia：自由的百科全书上的介绍
Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. It was formerly known as Sunda Kelapa (397-1527), Jayakarta (1527-1619), Batavia (1619-1942), and Djakarta (1942-1972). Located on the northwest coast of the Java Island, it has an area of 661.52 km² and an official population of 8,389,443 (2000). Jakarta currently is the eleventh largest city in the world. Its metropolitan area is called Jabodetabek and contains more than 23 million people, and is part of an even larger Jakarta-Bandung megalopolis.
Jakarta is served by the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Since 2004, Jakarta, while under the governance of Sutiyoso, has built a new bus system known as "TransJakarta" or "Busway" and is planning to increase the number of Busway routes. The city had hoped to establish its newest transportation system, the Jakarta Monorail, in 2007, but the project has been delayed and its completion date is uncertain. Jakarta also is the location of the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the National Monument, Tugu Monas.
---Geography---
Jakarta is located on the northwestern coast of Java Island, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. The northern part of Jakarta is constituted on a plain land, approximately eight meters above the sea level. This contributes to the frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. There are about 13 rivers flowing through Jakarta, mostly flowing from the hilly southern parts of the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The most important river is the Ciliwung river, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities. The city borders the province of West Java on its east side and the province of Banten on its west side.
The thousand islands, which is a part of the administrative region of Jakarta, is located in the Jakarta Bay. These 105 islets are located 45 km on the north part of the city.
---Climate---
Jakarta has a hot and humid equatorial/tropical climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification system. Located in the western-part of Indonesia, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of 350mm, and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 60mm. The city is humid throughout the year with daily temperature range of 25°C to 38°C; Absolute maximum is 43.8°C and absolute minimum is 21.5°C.
标签：雅加达
